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1 ORDINANCE NO. <:-31:Zr
2 ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF SAN BERNARDINO PRESCRIBING
REGULATIONS AND ESTABLISHING PROVISIONS RELATING TO DOMESTIC WATER
3 SOURCES AND SYSTEMS; PRESCRIBING REGULATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION
AND DESTRUCTION OF WATER WELLS; PROVIDING FOR THE ISSUANCE OF
4 PERMITS; AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR THE VIOLATIONS OF THE PRO-
VISIONS THEREOF.
5
THE MAYOR AND COMMON COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SAN BERNARDINO
6 DO ORDAIN AS FOLLOWS:
7
SECTION 1. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE.
8 The purpose of this ordinance is to assure that the water
9 furnished or supplied by the domestic water supply system under
10 the jurisdiction of the City of San Bernardino shall at all times
11 be pure, wholesome, potable, healthful, and in adequate supply
12 and to provide minimum standards for construction, reconstruction,
13 abandonment, and destruction of wells in order to:
14
(al protect underground water resources, and
15
(b) provide safe water to persons within the City of San
16 Bernardino.
17
SECTION 2. DEFINITIONS: That for the purpose of this
18 ordinance the following words and phrases are defined and shall
19 have the meanings ascribed to them in this section.
20
(a) ABANDONED WELL AND ABANDONMENT: The terms "abandoned
21 well" and "abandonment" shall apply to a well which has not been
22 declared for reuse by the legal owner with the Director. Test
23 holes and exploratory holes shall be considered abandoned twenty-
24 four (24) hours after construction and testing work has been com-
25 pleted. A well whose original or functional purpose and use have
26 been permanently discontinued or which is in such a state or dis-
27 repair that it cannot be made functional for its original purpose
28 or any other function regulated by this ordinance shall be
1 considered an abandoned well.
2 (b) AGRICULTURAL WELL: The term "agricultural well" is
3 any water well used to supply water for irrigation or other
4 agricultural purposes, including so-called "stock wells".
5 (c) CATHODIC PROTECTION WELL: The term "cathodic pro-
6 tection well" means any artificial excavation in excess of fifty
7 (50) feet constructed by any method for the purpose of installing
8 equipment or facilities for the protection electrically of metalli
9 equipment in contact with the ground, commonly referred to as
10 cathodic protection.
11 (d) COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY WELL: The term "community
12 water supply well" means any well which provides water for
13 domestic water supply systems.
14 (e) CONTAMINATION: The term "contamination" means an
15 impairment of the quality of water of the City by wastes or other
16 degrading elements to a degree which creates a hazard to the
17 public health through the possibility of poisoning or through the
18 possibility of the spreading of disease.
19 (f) CROSS-CONNECTION: The term "cross-connection/shall
20 mean any unprotected connection between any part of a water
21 system used or intended to supply water for domestic purposes
22 and any source or system containing water or other substance
23 that is not or cannot be approved as safe, pure, wholesome, and
24 potable for human consumption.
25 (g) CUSTOMER SYSTEM: The term "customer system" shall
26 mean those parts of the facilities beyond the termination of the
27 distribution system which are utilized in conveying water to
28 points of use beyond point of delivery.
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ground. This definition shall not include:
(1) Oil and gas wells, or geothermal wells con-
structed under the jurisdiction of the California State Departmen
of Conservation, except those wells converted to use as water
wells; or
(2) Wells used for the purpose of:
(A) Dewatering excavation during construction,
or
(B) Stabilizing hillsides or earth embankments.
SECTION 2. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE.
The purpose of this ordinance is to provide minimum
standards for construction, reconstruction, abandonment, and
destruction of wells in order to: (a) protect underground water
resources, and (b) provide safe water to persons within the City
of San Bernardino.
SECTION 3. INVESTIGATIONS.
Upon receipt of application for a permit pursuant to this
ordinance, the Department shall make a thorough investigation of
the proposed or existing source facilities and distribution
system and all other circumstances and conditions which it deems
material.
SECTION 4. REPORTS.
The Department may require any permit holder or applicant
to file a complete report on the condition and operation of the
source facilities and distribution system. The report shall be
made in such form and cover such matters as the Department pre-
scribes and by a suitably qualified person acceptable to the
Department at the sole cost and expense of the permit holder or
-5-
1 applicant.
2 SECTION 5. VIOLATIONS.
3 (a) Director may at any and all reasonable times enter an
4 and all places, property, enclosures, and structures for the
5 purpose of making examinations and investigations to determine
6 whether any provision or this ordinance is being violated.
7 (b) It is unlawful for any person to furnish or supply
8 to a user water used or intended to be used for human consumption
9 or for domestic purposes which is impure, unwholesome, unpotable,
10 polluted, or dangerous to health.
11 (c) Every person who violates or fails to comply with any
12 of the provisions of this ordinance, or of any order of the
13 Department issued pursuant to this ordinance, or who procures,
14 aids, or abets in any such violation or failure, is guilty of a
15 misdemeanor punishable by a fine not exceeding five hundred
16 dollars ($500.00), or by imprisonment in the County jail not
17 exceeding six (6) months, or by both.
18 (d) The continued existence of any violation of this
19 ordinance, or of any order of the Department issued pursuant to
20 this ordinance, beyond the time stipulated for compliance with
21 its provisions, constitutes a separate and distinct offense.
22 (e) Anything done, maintained or suffered in violation of
23 any of the provisions of this ordinance is a public nuisance
24 dangerous to health, and may be enjoined or summarily abated in
25 the manner provided by law. Every public officer or body law-
26 fully empowered so to do shall abate the nuisance immediately.
27 (f) Any person who furnishes or supplies to a user water
28 used or intended to be used for human consumption or for domestic
-6-
1 purposes, without having an unrevoked permit so to do, may be
2 enjoined from so doing by any court of competent jurisdiction at
3 the suit of the Director.
4 SECTION 6. ADMINISTRATIVE VARIANCE.
5 The Director may grant an administrative variance to the
6 provisions of this ordinance where evidence is submitted that a
7 modification of the standards, as provided herein, will not en-
8 danger the health or safety of the public generally and strict
9 compliance would be unreasonable in view of all the circumstances.
10 SECTION 7. HEARING.
11 Any person whose application for a permit, or permit has
12 been suspended, denied, or revoked may request the Department for
13 a hearing. The person shall file with the Department a written
14 petition requesting the hearing and setting forth a brief state-
15 ment of the grounds for the request. Notice of the hearing shall
16 be given the applicant not less than five (5) days prior to such
17 hearing either by registered mail or in the manner required for
18 the service of summons in civil action. At the time and place set
19 for the hearing, the Director will give the applicant and other
20 interested persons an adequate opportunity to present any facts
21 pertinent to the matter at hand. The Director may, when he deems
22 it necessary, continue any hearing by setting a new time and
23 place and by giving notice to the applicant of such action. At
24 the close of the hearing or at any time within ten (10) days
25 thereafter, the Director will order such disposition of the
26 application or permit as he has determined to be proper and will
27 make such disposition known to the applicant.
28 SECTION 8. WATER HYGIENE STANDARDS ADVISORY COMMITTEE.
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1 No person shall furnish or supply water to a user for
2 domestic purposes from any source of water supply unless he first
3 files a written application to do so with the Department and
4 receives and possesses a valid permit as provided herein.
5
(a)
Conditions of Approval. Permits shall be issued sub-
6 ject to compliance with the standards provided in this ordinance
7 and with the submission and subsequent approval by the Department
8 of plans demonstrating compliance with these standards, except
9 where such standards shall be inapplicable or modified as express-
10 ly provided for in this ordinance. Permits may also include any
11 other condition or requirement found by the Department to be
12 necessary to accomplish the purpose of this ordinance.
13
(b) Temporary Permit. The Department may, for good
14
,
cause, grant a temporary permit to any person who has filed an
15 application for a permit as provided herein upon such terms as
16 it shall determine are in the public interest pending completion
17 of the investigation required by Section 3 of this ordinance.
18
(c) Denial. If, upon the completion of the investigation,
19 the Department determines, as a fact, that the water furnished or
20 supplied or proposed to be supplied is such that under any
21 circumstances and conditions it is impure, unwholesome, unpotable
~
22 or may constitute a menance or danger to health or lives of human
23 beings, or the existing or proposed source facility or distribu-
24 tion system is unhealthful or insanitary or not suited to the
25 production and delivery of pure wholesome, potable and healthful
26 water at all times, it shall deny the application and order the
27 applicant to make such changes as it deems necessary to secure a
28 continuous supply of pure, wholesome, potable, and healthful
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1 Table I
2 Gravity Storage System
I Source and Storage Capacity
3
i 4 Minimum Use Median Use High Use
,
I 5
Recreational , Typical or Residence
6 Dwelling With Average Residence with Large
No Irrigation and Lot Lot
7
8 I'b. of Source Storage Source Storage Source StoragE
Service Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Capaci t
9 Connections (gpn) (gals) (gpn) (gals) (gpn) (gals)
10
10 11 3,500 17 4,000 28 4,900
11 20 19 6,900 32 7,800 53 9,600
30 26 10,100 45 11,400 75 14,100
12 40 33 13,100 57 14,800 95 18,400
50 40 15,900 69 18,000 115 22,500
13 60 46 18,500 80 21,000 134 26,400
70 52 20,900 90 23,800 151 30,200
14 80 58 23,100 100 25,400 167 33,900
90 64 25,100 109 27,800 181 37,500
15 100 69 27,000 117 30,100 195 41,000
120 74 30,500 133 34,500 220 47,700
16 140 79 33,600 149 38,900 245 54,000
160 84 36,400 165 43,300 270 59,900
17 180 89 39,200 181 47,700 295 65,400
200 94 42,000 197 52,200 320 70,500
18
"Source and Storage Design Guide for Small Water Systems", State
19 of California, State Department of Health, Water Sanitation
Section, 1967.
20
21 Table II
Pressure Tank System
22 Source Capacity
23
24 Minimum Use Median Use High Use
25
Recreational Typical or Residence
26 Dwelling With Average Residence with Large
No Irrigation and Lot Lot
27
I'b . of
28 Service Source Capacity Source Capacity Source Capacity
Connections Gal. per Minute Gal. per Minute Gal. per Minute
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1
10 40 50 69
20 77 97 133
30 no 140 193
40 142 180 248
50 174 219 302
60 200 255 354
70 226 288 403
80 251 312 449
90 273 341 494
100 294 367 537
120 328 420 618
140 363 473 695
160 387 526 770
180 416 579 840
200 444 630 908
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 "Source and Storage Design Guide for Small Water Systems", State
of California, State Department of Health, Water Sanitation
10 Section, 1967.
11
SECTION 16. REQUIRED SEPARATION BETWEEN WATER MAINS
12 AND SANITARY SEWERS.
13 Underground street utility location for water and sewer
14 mains shall conform to the standards contained in the current
15 County of San Bernardino Road Department publication entitled
16 "Standard Specifications, Drawings 310 and 311", the State of
17 California, State Department of Health bulletin entitled "Required
18 Separation Between Water Mains and Sanitary Sewers", and any
19 standards established by the City of San Bernardino.
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SECTION 17. BACKFLOW AND CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL.
21 Every person furnishing or supplying water to users shall,
22 by approved methods, prevent water from unapproved sources or any
23 other substances from entering the domestic water system, and
24 shall conform to the standards of California Administrative Code,
25 Title 17, "Cross-Connection Control".
26
SECTION 18. TREATMENT.
27
Treatment facilities and operation shall be provided as
28 required by the Department on a case-by-case basis. Treatment of
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1 all surface waters shall be provided and shall include, but not be
2 limited to, reliable disinfection.
3 SECTION 19. CORRECTION OF SANITARY DEFECTS AND HEALTH
4 HAZARDS.
5 The Department may order such repairs, alterations, or
6 additions to the proposed or existing source facilities and dis-
7 tribution system as will insure that the water furnished or
8 supplied shall at all times be pure, wholesome, potable, and
9 healthful without danger to the health of human beings.
10 SECTION 20. NOTIFICATION OF FAILURE TO MEET WATER QUALITY
11 STANDARDS.
12 (al When it is determined by the Department that it is in
13 the public interest, the Department shall notify a person who has
14 not met the standards of the Department for water quality of such
15 noncompliance, and shall require such person to notify each of his
16 customers in writing of the Department's determination that the
17 quality of the water fails to comply with the standards, require-
18 ments, or conditions established by the Department and to include
19 any comments of the Department regarding the possible dangers
20 because of such noncompliance. The content of such statement
21 shall be approved by the Department prior to distribution.
22 Notification by such person shall be repeated at intervals as
23 required by the Department or until the Department determines
24 that there is compliance with the standards or requirements of the
25 Department.
26 Any person who fails to comply with the provisions of this
27 section is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof,
28 shall be punished as set forth in section 37. Each day's
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1 violation of this section shall be a separate offense.
2 (b) After ninety (90) days from the date of notification
3 that the quality of domestic water fails to comply with the
4 standards or requirements established by the Department, the
5 Department may bring an action in the superior court where such
6 person shall be required to establish that he is not in violation
7 of these requirements or that he has a reasonable plan for bring-
8 ing the source facilities, distribution system, and the domestic
9 water into compliance. If this is not established, a cease-and-
10 desist order shall be issued to prevent any new service connectio
11 by such person until such time that the standards or requirements
12 are met.
13 If a reasonable plan is established, but is not being
14 complied with, the Department shall request that the court review
15 the person"s actions. If the court determines that the plan is
16 not being complied with, a cease-and-desist order shall be issued
17 as described above.
18 SECTION 21. PERMITS.
19 (a) No person, as principal, agent, or employee, shall
20 dig, drill, bore, reconstruct, or destroy:
21 (1) A well that is or has been used to produce or
22 inject water,
23 (2) A cathodic protection well,
24 (3) An observation well, or
25 (4) An exploration well,
26 unless he first files a written application to do so with the
27 Department and receives and possesses a valid permit as provided
28 herein.
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1 (b) Application for Permit. Applications for permits
2 shall be submitted to the Department and shall include the follow-
3 ing:
4 (1) A plot plan showing the location for the well
5 with respect to the following items within a radius of five
6 hundred (500) feet from the well:
7 (A) Property lines, including ownership.
8 (B) Sewage or waste disposal systems or works
9 for carrying or containing sewage or waste.
10 (C) All intermittent or perennial, natural or
11 artificial bodies of water or watercourses.
12 (D) The approximate drainage pattern of the
13 property.
14 (E) Other wells, including abandoned wells.
15 (F) Access road(s) to well site.
16 (2) Location of the property -- legal description.
17 (3) The name and contractor's license classification,
18 including number, of the person constructing the well.
19 (4) The proposed or probable depth of the well.
20 (5) The proposed minimum depths and types of casing
21 and probable minimum depth of perforations to be used if such
22 data can be reasonably projected.
23 (6) The proposed use of the well.
24 (7) Where proposed work is reconstruction or de-
25 struction of a well, provide the following, if available:
26 (A) Total depth.
27 (B) Depth and type of casing used.
28 (C) Depth of perforations.
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1 (D) Well log.
2 (E) Any other pertinent information.
3 (8) Description of method of reconstruction or
4 destruction of well.
5 (9) Location and classification of any solid waste
6 disposal sites within two (2) miles of the proposed well.
7 (10) Other information as may be necessary to de-
8 termine if the underground waters will be adequately protected.
9 (c) Conditions of Approval. Permits shall be issued
10 subject to compliance with the standards provided in this section
11 and with the submission and subsequent approval by the Department
12 of plans demonstrating compliance with these standards, except
13 that such standards shall be inapplicable or modified as expressl
14 provided for in this section. Permits may also include any other
15 condition or requirement found by the Department to be necessary
16 to accomplish the purposes of this section.
17 (d) Denial. If, upon the completion of the investigation,
18 the Department determines, as a fact, that the standards of this
19 ordinance have not been met, it shall deny the application.
20 SECTION 22. LICENSING AND REGISTRATION OF WATER WELL
21 DRILLERS AND CONTRACTORS.
22 No person shall engage in an activity listed in this
23 ordinance unless he is in compliance with the provisions of this
24 ordinance and has a valid license in accordance with the Californi
25 Contractor's State License Law (Chapter 9, Division 3 of the
26 Business and Professions Code), as appropriate to the activity to
27 be engaged in. Such a person shall register with the Department
28 prior to commencing any activity regulated by this ordinance.
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SECTION 23. STANDARDS.
Standards for the construction, reconstruction, destruction,
or abandonment of wells shall be the standards recommended in the
California Department of Water Resources Bulletin No. 74, Chapter
II. And, for cathodic protection wells, the standard shall be
those recommended in Chapter II of the California Department of
Water Resources Bulletin No. 74-1.
SECTION 24. LATERAL (HORIZONTAL) WELL STANDARDS.
Location, design, and monitoring of lateral wells will be
in accordance with the standards recommended in the State of
California, State Department of Health, Water Sanitation Section
handout titled "Requirements for Use of Lateral Wells in Domestic
Water Systems".
SECTION 25. APPROVAL OF SITE.
Before construction begins on a well that is intended to
be part of a system that purveys domestic water, the drilling site
shall first be approved by the Director or his representative. In
the event that the well is to serve a system under the direct
jurisdiction of the State Department of Health, then that agency
may make site approval and notify the Director of their approval
or disapproval.
SECTION 26. GENERAL LOCATION OF WATER WELL.
It shall be unlawful for any person to drill, dig, excavate,
or bore any water well in any location in which sources of
pollution or contamination are known to exist or at such location
whereby such water may become contaminated or polluted even
though the wells were properly constructed and maintained. All
wells shall be located an adequate horizontal distance from
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1 potential sources of contamination and pollution:
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Sewers, water-tight septic
tank, or pit privy . . . .
.50 ft. minimum
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Subsurface sewage leaching field
100 ft. minimum
4
Cesspool or seepage pit
150 ft. minimum
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Animals or fowl kept . .
100 ft. minimum
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Any subsurface sewage disposal system
discharging 5,000 gal/day or more. . 200 ft. minimum
Minimum distances from other sources of pollution or con-
tamination shall be as established by the California State Depart-
ment of Health's "Standards Regarding Location of Public Water
Supply Wells with Respect to Sources of Contamination or Pollution."
Where adverse or special hazards are involved, the above
distances shall be increased or special means of protection,
particularly in the construction of the well, shall be provided
as determined by the Department.
SECTION 27. LOG OF WELL.
17 Any person who has drilled, dug, excavated, or bored a
18 well, subject to this chapter, shall within thirty (30) days
19 after completion of the drilling, digging, excavation, or boring
20 of such well, furnish the Department with a complete log of such
21 well. This log shall include depths of formation, character,
22 size distribution, color for all lithological units penetrated,
23 as well as the type of casing, the depth of the well, the number
24 and location of the perforations in the casing and any other
25 data required by the Department. In any areas where insufficient
26 subsurface information is available, the Department may require
27 inspection of the well log during any phase of the well's con-
28 struction where required to achieve the purposes of this
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1 ordinance, may require modification of the remaining planned work.
2 A copy of the log providing such information submitted to
3 concerned State agencies shall satisfy this requirement.
4 SECTION 28. WELL SURFACE CONSTRUCTION FEATURES.
5 (a) Water-Well Surface Sealing. All water wells here-
6 after drilled, dug, excavated or bored shall be provided with:
7 a watertight reinforced concrete slab of minimum thickness of six
8 (6) inches, top of slab to be a minimum four (4) inches above
9 ground level or floor level at well site, and slab shall extend
10 horizontally at least three (3) feet from the center of the well
11 casing in all directions, and the concrete slab shall adequately
12 slope so as to drain water away from the well casing.
13 (b) Sample Spigot. A sample spigot shall be provided on
14 the pump discharge line of any water well used as a domestic
15 water supply, as close to the pump as practical and on the dis-
16 tribution side of the check valve.
17 (c) Check Valve. A check valve shall be provided on the
18 pump discharge line as near the pump as possible for all
19 community water-supply wells.
20 (d) Water-Well Disinfection Pipe. All community water-
21 supply wells and individual domestic wells shall be provided with
22 a pipe or other effective means through which chlorine or other
23 disinfecting agents may be introduced directly into the well.
24 The pipe shall be extended to a height equal to the pump slab or
25 at least four (4) inches above the finished grade, shall be kept
26 sealed and shall be provided with a threaded or equivalently
27 secured cap.
28 (e) Water-Well Master Meter. A master meter or other
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1 suitable measuring device shall be provided for each source
2 facility to register accurately the quantity of water delivered
3 to the distribution system for all community water supply wells.
4 (f) Air-Relief Vent. An air-relief vent, if used, shall
5 terminate downward and be screened and protected against the
6 possibility of contaminating material entering the vent.
7 SECTION 29. DISINFECTION OF WATER WELLS.
8 Every new, repaired, or reconstructed community water-
9 supply well or individual domestic well, after completion of con-
10 struction, repair or reconstruction, and before being placed in
11 service, shall be thoroughly cleaned of all foreign substances.
12 The well, including the gravel used in the gravel-packed wells,
13 the pump, pump column and all portions of equipment coming in
14 contact with well water shall be disinfected with a solution con-
15 taining at least fifty (50) parts per million available chlorine,
16 which shall remain in the well for a period of at least twenty-fou
17 (24) hours or by an equivalent method of disinfection satisfactory
18 to the Department, and such procedure shall be repeated, as
19 necessary, to produce water which is bacteriologically satis-
20 factory as set forth by California Administrative Code, Title 17,
21 "Water Quality Standards".
22 SECTION 30. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS.
23 Water from all new and reconstructed wells shall be tested
24 for chemical and physical quality in accordance with California
25 Administrative Code, Title 17, "Water Quality Standards", by a
26 laboratory approved by the California State Department of Health.
27 SECTION 31. REQUIRED INSPECTIONS OF WELLS.
28 The Department shall be notified at least twenty-four (24)
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1 hours in advance to make an inspection of the following operations
2 (a) Prior to the sealing of the annular space or filling
3 of the conductor casing.
4 (b) After installation of the surface protective slab and
5 pumping equipment.
6 (c) During destruction of all wells, after the well has
7 been sealed as per the approved plans.
8 (d) Any other operation which might be stipulated on the
9 permit by the Director to cope with special or unusual conditions.
10 SECTION 32. APPROVAL BY THE DIRECTOR.
11 No water from a new or reconstructed well shall be used for
12 domestic purposes until the well is given final approval by the
13 Director.
14 SECTION 33. WELL ABANDONMENT.
15 At the time of removal of a pump, the casing shall be pro-
16 vided with an adequate cap at the surface and shall be maintained
17 so that it will not be a hazard to health or safety until such
18 time that the abandoned well is properly sealed from the bottom
19 to the top. It shall be unlawful to use an abandoned well for
20 the disposal of any waste material. If after thirty (30) days,
21 the owner of the well has not declared the well for proposed re-
22 use as per Section 3A of this ordinance, then the well shall be
23 destroyed (sealed) as per section 230f this ordinance. If an
24 abandoned well is found by the Director to be a hazard, that by
25 its continued existence causes significant damage to the ground-
26 water or to the health, safety, or welfare of the people of this
27 City, the Director shall direct the owner to destroy (seal) the
28 well within a stated period of time.
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SECTION 34. DECLARATION OF PROPOSED REUSE.
The owner of a well, the use of which has been or is soon
to be discontinued, may apply to the Department, in writing, his
intention to use the well again for its original or other approved
purpose. The Department shall review such a declaration and grant
an exemption from certain of the provisions of section 33 of this
ordinance provided no undue hazard to health or safety is created
by the continued existence of the well. Such an exemption must be
applied for and granted annually and may be terminated for cause
by the Director at any time.
SECTION 35. DUTIES OF DIRECTOR.
It shall be the duty of the Director of Environmental
Health Services of the Department of Environmental Health Services
of the County of San Bernardino to enforce the terms and pro-
visions of this ordinance. In the event it is determined that any
fees or charges are to be established and collected by said
Director, then the City of San Bernardino shall make and establish
said fees and charges pursuant to this ordinance, and the City and
the County of San Bernardino shall enter into a contract concern-
ing same.
SECTION 36 DIRECTOR'S RIGHT OF ENTRY.
No person shall resist or attempt to resist the entrance
of the Director or his deputy onto any premises for the purposes
of the performance of his duty or shall they refuse to obey any
lawful order of the Director made in the performance of his dutie
within the power conferred upon him by law or by this ordinance.
SECTION 37. PENALTY.
Any person, firm, association, society or corporation
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,The foregoing ordinance is hereby approved th'
I
day
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Approved as to form:
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FILED
JAN 2 L~ 'i975
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